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What is Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)? Signs, Risks, and How to Stay Safe.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important but often underappreciated respiratory virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. First identified in 2001, hMPV has emerged as a leading cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs), particularly in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

hMPV is distributed globally, with infections occurring year-round but peaking in late winter and early spring in temperate climates. Studies suggest that nearly all children are exposed to the virus by the age of five. Reinfections are common throughout life, although they tend to be less severe in healthy adults.

Clinical Features: The spectrum of hMPV infection ranges from asymptomatic to severe disease. Common clinical manifestations include:

  • Mild upper respiratory tract symptoms: Runny nose, cough, and sore throat.
  • Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs): Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • Severe cases: Respiratory failure or secondary bacterial infections, especially in high-risk groups.

The symptoms are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza, complicating the diagnosis.

Risk Groups: Certain populations are more vulnerable to severe hMPV infections:

  • Infants and young children, especially those with prematurity or congenital conditions.
  • Elderly individuals.
  • Patients with underlying chronic illnesses, such as asthma, COPD, or cardiovascular disease.
  • Immunocompromised individuals, including transplant recipients and those undergoing chemotherapy.

Transmission: hMPV spreads via:

  • Respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
  • Direct contact with contaminated surfaces followed by touching the face. The incubation period is typically 4-6 days.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis relies on laboratory testing, as clinical features overlap with other respiratory viruses. RT-PCR is the most sensitive and specific method to detect hMPV.

Management: There is no specific antiviral treatment for hMPV. Management focuses on supportive care:

  • Hydration and oxygen therapy for mild to moderate cases.
  • Mechanical ventilation for severe cases.
  • Bronchodilators or corticosteroids may be used in cases with bronchospasm, though their efficacy is debated.

Secondary bacterial infections should be treated promptly with appropriate antibiotics.

Prevention: Currently, no vaccine is available for hMPV. Prevention strategies focus on reducing transmission:

  • Hand hygiene: Regular washing with soap and water.
  • Respiratory etiquette: Covering coughs and sneezes.
  • Isolation: Avoiding contact with infected individuals.

 Human metapneumovirus is a significant cause of respiratory illness across all age groups. Awareness and early recognition of the infection, particularly in high-risk populations, are crucial for effective management. Continued research is essential to develop targeted interventions and reduce the burden of this widespread respiratory pathogen.

 

Dr Prashant Goyal

Accuprobe Diagnostics



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